Insulin is a major regulator of energy in the body. It moves energy molecules, sugars and fats inside the cells. If a molecule of sugar did not get burned inside working muscle cells, it is converted into fat which is deposited into fatty tissues under
influence of insulin. Insulin also is a Scrooge. It prevents fat from freely move from fatty tissue into blood, when there is need for additional energy. The higher the fat content in the body, the higher the Insulin levels are.

When insulin levels are high, as seen in conditions like obesity, metabolic syndrome insulin resistance, and insulin resistance fat tends to accumulate in the abdomen. This can lead to elevated blood sugar levels. Insulin levels typically increase with age,
making hormone optimization even more important.

Cortisol is defense hormone. During fight or flight episode cortisol increases blood sugar level which is beneficial for higher level of performance providing more energy to muscles and brain. However during chronic stress, when increased blood sugar is not immediately burned in the muscles, it is being efficiently deposited as fat. Elevated cortisol levels can contribute to fat accumulation in the trunk, lower neck, and face, while causing thinning of the legs. Cortisol levels tend to increase with age, which can make weight loss more challenging.

Thyroid hormone speeds up chemical reactions in the body, including utilization of fats and sugars. Low levels of thyroid hormones can make it difficult to lose weight, even when following a strict diet. It can lead to a slower metabolic rate. Unfortunately, thyroid hormone production tends to decline with age.

When estrogen levels are high or unopposed by progesterone, which happens during early menopause, fat accumulation can occur in the lower abdomen, thighs, and breasts, the places, where females have more fat than males. Estrogen dominance, often seen during menopause when progesterone levels decline prior to the decline of estrogens, can contribute to formation of abdominal fat .

That happens in men as well, as testosterone converts to estrogen in the fatty tissues especially in the abdominal fat, creating higher than normal estrogen levels.

Low levels of testosterone can result in decreased muscle mass, and decreased desire for physical activity. This leads to decreased need for calories and increased fat accumulation in the abdomen, thighs, and breasts. Testosterone levels naturally decline with age, making hormone optimization crucial for maintaining a healthy body
composition.

Decreased levels of melatonin can lead to a decreased activity of thyroid hormone, which can affect metabolism and weight management. Melatonin levels tend to decline with age.

Low levels of DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) can result in increased abdominal fat. DHEA opposes the actions of cortisol. Unfortunately, DHEA levels also decrease with age.

Peptides are short chains of amino acids from 2 to 50. Amino acid chains longer than 50, 51 or more, are called polypeptides. Some well known hormones are polypeptides for example Insulin and Growth Hormone are polypeptides. Proteins are long polypeptides, folded into 3-dimentional structure. Picture a chain stretched and clumped. Some peptides play important hormone-like roles in the body.

Semaglutide is a peptide that was used previously to treat diabetes. Recently we started to use Semaglutide as weight loss medication with high level of success. Semaglutide decreases appetite without increasing heart rate and blood pressure, unwanted side effects of Phentermine-like drugs. Semaglutide not only decreases appetite, it also slows food passage through stomach drastically decreasing amount of food needed to achieve satiety. This actions result in fast weight loss. Important feature of Semaglutide is that it can be used long-term, in contrast with phentermine.

CJC-1295 is a peptide that effectively increase the release of Growth Hormone (GH) from Pituitary Gland. According with latest research after single dose scientists saw increases in GH concentrations by 2- to 10-fold for 6 days or more and in mean plasma IGF-I concentrations by 1.5- to 3-fold for 9-11 days. The estimated half-life of CJC-1295 was 5.8-8.1 days. After multiple CJC-1295 doses, mean IGF-I levels remained above baseline for up to 28 d. No serious adverse reactions were reported. Growth hormone moves fat from fatty tissue into blood and IGF-1 increases growth of muscles.CJC-1295 is significantly less expensive than Growth Hormone.

BPC-157 is a peptide that promotes healing of traumatized ligaments, tendons and muslces. It has profound effect reducing aches and pains of the back, neck and joints. It had been used to treat Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. BPC-157 promoted healing and restored functions of the brain after stroke in experimental animals. It is banned by World Anti-doping Agency in 2022 apparently because of it’s ability to increase integrity of musculo-skeletal system at loads that otherwise would cause trauma.

AOD-9604 is a part of Growth Hormone molecule which is responsible for lipolysis (the process of enabling fat from fat deposits to be moved into blood and utilized by muscles). This function of AOD-9604 is now being researched to develop new weight loss-fat loss medication. The second function of this peptide is it’s ability to be converted into Endorphin, the body natural opioid, which is the most potent pain killer known to science. AOD-9604 was banned by World Anti-doping Agency in 2011

Epitalon is an active part of Epithalamin, the extract of bovine Pineal Gland. In clinical studies, Epitalon had been proven to increase the length of telomeres. The lenght of Telomeres (end portion of chromosomes) determines the longevity of the cell. Studies involving aged humans found improvement of physical endurance, sleep and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. When compared to control, treated group had 50% lower rate of cardiovascular mortality, a 50% lower rate of cardiovascular failure, serious respiratory disease and a 28% lower rate of overall mortality.

PT-141 also known as Bremelanotide is a peptide that is causing increase in sexual desire and improvement of erections. It is approved by FDA to treat sexual disfunction in females, but also effective in males.